The Bombing of Pearl Harbor

[~Souza~]

On the evening of December 6, 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the president of the United States, received a message intercepted by the U.S. Navy. Sent from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington, the message was encrypted in the top-level Japanese "purple code." But that was no problem. The Americans had cracked the code long before that.

It was imperative that the president see the message right away because it revealed that the Japanese, under the heavy pressure of Western economic sanctions, were terminating relations with the United States. Roosevelt read the thirteen-part transmission, looked up and announced, "This means war."

He then did a very strange thing for a president in his situation.

Nothing.

The Japanese secret declaration of war never reached the people who needed to hear it the most - Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, commander in chief of the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the unit's commanding general, Walter Short. Pearl Harbor, it was common military knowledge, was where the Japanese would strike. If they struck.

At dawn the next morning a Japanese squadron bombed Pearl Harbor and the surprise attack was just that, a complete surprise. At least to Kimmel and Short and the 4,575 American servicemen who died.

It may not have been such a surprise to Generals George C. Marshall and Leonard T. Gerow and Admirals Harold R. Stark and Richmond Kelly Turner. They were the military's top brass in Washington and the only officers authorized to forward such sensitive intelligence to outlying commanders. But the decoded war declaration did not reach Kimmel and Short until the morning, with the attack well underway off in the Pacific.

Marshall and Stark, supreme commanders of the U.S. Army and Navy respectively, later testified that the message was not forwarded to Kimmel and Short because the Hawaiian commanders had received so many intercepted Japanese messages that another one would simply confuse them.
Internal army and navy inquiries in 1944 held Stark and Marshall derelict of duty for keeping the Hawaiian commanders in the dark. But the military buried those findings. As far as the public knew, the final truth was uncovered by the Roberts Commission, headed by Justice Owen Roberts of the Supreme Court, and convened eleven days after the attack. Like another investigative commission headed by a Supreme Court justice on a different topic more than twenty years later, the Roberts Commission appeared to have identified its culprits in advance and gerrymandered its inquiries to make the suspects appear guilty. The scapegoats were Kimmel and Short, who were both publicly crucified, forced to retire, and denied the open hearings they desired. One of the Roberts Commission panelists, Admiral William Standley, would call Roberts's performance "crooked as a snake."

There were eight investigations of Pearl Harbor altogether. The most spectacular was a joint House-Senate probe that reiterated the Roberts Commission findings. At those hearings, Marshall and Stark testified, incredibly, that they could not remember where they were the night the war declaration came in. But a close friend of Frank Knox, the secretary of the Navy, later revealed that Knox, Stark, and Marshall spent most of that night in the White House with Roosevelt awaiting the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the chance for America to join World War II.

A widespread coverup ensued. A few days after Pearl Harbor, reports historian John Toland, Marshall told his top officers, "Gentlemen, this goes to the grave with us." General Short once considered Marshall his friend, only to learn that the chief of staff was the agent of his frame-up. Short once remarked that he pitied his former pal because Marshall was the only general who wouldn't be able to write an autobiography.

There were multiple warnings of the Pearl Harbor attack concealed from the commanders at Pearl Harbor. The Winds Code was perhaps the most shocking. That was an earlier transmission, in a fake weather report broadcast on a Japanese short-wave station, of the words higashi no kaze ame. Which means, "east wind, rain." The Americans already knew that this was the Japanese code for war with the United States. The response of top U.S. military officials? To deny that the "winds" message existed and to attempt to destroy all records of its reception. But it did exist. And it was received.

Completely apart from the cloak and dagger of cryptography, the Australian intelligence service, three days before the attack, spotted the Japanese fleet of aircraft carriers heading for Hawaii. A warning went to Washington where it was dismissed by Roosevelt as a politically motivated rumor circulated by Republicans.

A British double agent, Dusko Popov, who siphoned information from Germany, learned of the Japanese intentions and desperately tried to warn Washington, to no avail. And there were others.

Why would Roosevelt and the nation's top military commanders sacrifice the U.S. Pacific Fleet, not to mention thousands of servicemen - an act that could justifiably be deemed treason? They had concluded long before Pearl Harbor that war against the Axis powers was a necessity. The American public would surely bring the public around.

"This was the president's problem," wrote Rear Admiral Robert A. Theobald who commanded Pearl Harbor's destroyers, "and his solution was based upon the simple fact that, while it takes two to make a fight, either one may start it."

"A Small group of men, revered and held to be most honorable by millions," wrote Toland, "had convinced themselves that it was necessary to act dishonorably for the food of their nation - and incited the war that Japan had tried to avoid."



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[paula-c]

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, attack on treason based
To see the truth.
As Congress denied to President Roosevelt, authorization to enter into World War II, then decides to prepare a theatre for members:
(1) Moved across the Pacific fleet to Hawaii.
(2) Causes to Japan, cutting off the supply of oil.
(3) Japanese codes are decrypted, and know that the attack was decided.
(4) Removed 2 drives more valuable, the Lexintong and the aircraft carrier Enterprise, leaving Pearl Harbor without protection.
(5) The New York Times, announced: "... the attack occurs on December 7".
(6) The attack occurred on December 7, and Roosevelt said: "... that relief, worked".
(7) The Congress authorizes to declare war on Japan.

It is the story of horror, this time against their own defenceless troops

[paula-c]

We launched the atomic bomb... and what?

On 25 July 1945 was sent a secret order of general Thomas T. Handy, substitute of the Chief of the staff of the forces armed of U.s. State, to general Carl Spaatz, commanding general of the strategic air force. Compliance with such indication of 24 lines written in a colourless military language, caused, in just two days, 6 and 9 August, provoke death 105 thousand people, terribly hiriese more than thousand 94, and conducive the almost total destruction of two Japanese cities.

President Harry Truman apelaría also a religious metaphor to describe its destructive power when he wrote in his journal:

"We have created the most terrible bomb that has known the universal history". "Will be the destruction by fire profetizada for the era of the Valley of the Euphrates..."
This immoral act of unprecedented barbarity, they defended against Hanoi and Haiphong, or against Belgrade and Baghdad bombing apólogos still attempt to demonstrate that the release of the bombs was needed to hit crucial military targets and accelerate the surrender of Japan, prevent the fall of more u.s. soldiers, stop the influence of the Soviets in the Pacific, and warn the world that his country had the weapon capable of guaranteeing the capitalist West supremacy in post-war. Let's look at some of these myths:
First myth: order issued by Truman and communicated to general Spaatz, indicated that only you should bomb military targets, avoiding damage to women and children. But the text of the filed order makes no such distinction:

"The 509, force air 20, Group - instructed - launched the first special bomb after 3 August 1945, as soon as the weather allows visibility." Select one of the following targets: Hiroshima, Kokura and Niigata or Nagasaki. "For transporting military and civilian scientists from the war Department in order to observe and document the effects of the explosion, must be enabled aircraft companions" (1). Truman deliberately lied on the first bombing, in his official announcement to the nation, white to say:

"16 Hours ago an American aircraft launched a bomb on Hiroshima, a major Japanese army base..." "It's an atomic bomb..." (2)

Second myth: the original plan saw the release of a single bomb, enough to compel the Emperor Hiroíto to unconditional surrender:

"Additional pumps will be released on, whites as soon as the team of the"Project..."end them - specifies the order-later be issued new instructions regarding other than those indicated white..." (3).
What should, only two bombs were then released?

Despite the fact that the Manhattan project had cost in just three years (1942-1945), almost two billion dollars, only be had been constructed three bombs: Gadget, plutonium, used for testing on 16 July 1945 in the desert of New Mexico; little Boy, uranium, released on Hiroshima on August 6, and Fat Man, plutonium, released on Nagasaki on August 9. You have had a major arsenal, no doubt they had used.

Third myth: the United States Government opportunely informed partners on what was done, and the world to the terrible effects of the bombing: "all the information relating to the use of bombs against Japan are reserved to the Secretary of war and the President." "-prompted general Spaatz-no release or information will be offered by the chiefs in the front..." (4)

While it is true that Americans maintained some communication with Churchill on the "project...", the first time that Truman mentioned Stalin, in passing, without specifying that it would be used against Japan, nor it atomic bombs, was during a recess of the Potsdam Conference, July 24, 1945, the day before being issued the warrant. In fact, the holding of the Conference itself was delayed, at his request, until it not conduct the test in New Mexico.
The way that Truman informed the world happened in Hiroshima not noted any in spite of having caused so many deaths and destruction ethical dilemma. Conversely, a morbid apocalyptic regodeo shown when he says: "at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began the war from the air." They have now received heightened payment therefore. And this is still not over... The force which gives power to the Sun has been directed against those who carried the distant now East war ready to quickly and definitively destroy any productive company Japanese have in their cities. "We must destroy their ports, its factories and communications..." (5)

Until being released those nuclear bombs, continuous American bombing against Japanese cities, using incendiary bombs of high power, had caused more than 200 thousand victims.

A recent essay on the history of the Manhattan project and its ethical implications of Michael a. Bracchini, engineer of the University of Austin, concludes: (6)

"The loss of innocent in Hiroshima and Nagasaki life does not have any apology..." The murder of children cannot be justified... "When the U.s. launched pump, lost the moral superiority over Japan..."

One day after the bombing on Nagasaki, a pious President Truman responded follows Senator Richard Russell, who had urged launch new nuclear and conventional bombs on the Japanese:

"I know that Japan is a cruel and barbarous nation when waging war, but I cannot believe that because they behave like beasts should we act in the same way..." (7)
Each month of August, these days, listening to the dreary tolling Bell dome Peace Memorial erected in the zero point of Hiroshima, and new victims names are added to the listed infinity
An editorial in The New York Times denounces the Bush by incessantly, undermine the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty administration.

They are the same. What comes afterwards?
Sources: 1) Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945, in You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login (upload)

(2) Harry S Truman´s Announcement Of the Droping of An Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima, 1945 in You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login (upload)

(3) Official Bombing... Oport Cit. (upload)

(4) Idem. (upload)

(5) Harry S Truman´s Announcement... Oport Cit. (upload)

(6) Miguel to Bracchini: The History and Ethics Behind The Manhattan Projec, in You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login (upload)
7) Hiroshima: Harry Truman´s Diary and Papers, You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login